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Extensible Markup Language  |  2009-04-28  |  66.3 KB  |  795 lines

  1. <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
  2. <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" [
  3. <!ENTITY % globalent SYSTEM "../../libs/global.ent">
  4. <!-- NAMES --><!ENTITY canonical-name "Canonical Ltd.">
  5. <!ENTITY project-name "Ubuntu Documentation Project">
  6. <!ENTITY ubuntu "<phrase>Ubuntu</phrase>">
  7. <!ENTITY sg-title "Server Guide">
  8. <!-- VERSIONS --><!ENTITY distro-version "Jaunty Jackalope">
  9. <!ENTITY distro-rev "9.04">
  10. <!ENTITY distro-release-date "April 2009">
  11. <!ENTITY distro-short-codename "jaunty">
  12. <!ENTITY distro-apt-cd-name "Ubuntu 9.04_Jaunty_Jackalope">
  13. <!ENTITY linux-kernel-version "2.6.27">
  14. <!ENTITY gcc-version "4.3.1">
  15. <!ENTITY glibc-version "2.8">
  16. <!ENTITY python-version "2.5">
  17. <!ENTITY glossary SYSTEM "../common/C/glossary.xml">
  18. <!-- LEGAL URLs --><!ENTITY legalnotice SYSTEM "../libs/C/legalnotice.xml">
  19. <!ENTITY gpl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</ulink>'>
  20. <!ENTITY cc "http://creativecommons.org/">
  21. <!ENTITY cc-attrib '<ulink url="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/">Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5</ulink>'>
  22. <!ENTITY cc-fulldeed-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/legalcode/">
  23. <!ENTITY fdl-url '<ulink url="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>'>
  24. <!ENTITY cc-disclaimer-url "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/disclaimer-popup?lang=en">
  25. <!-- CANONICAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY canonical-url "http://www.canonical.com">
  26. <!-- OTHER UBUNTU RELATED RESOURCES --><!ENTITY upstart-url "http://upstart.ubuntu.com">
  27. <!-- UBUNTU IRC INFORMATION --><!ENTITY irc-network "Freenode">
  28. <!ENTITY irc-server "irc.ubuntu.com">
  29. <!ENTITY ubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #ubuntu">
  30. <!ENTITY kubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #kubuntu">
  31. <!ENTITY xubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #xubuntu">
  32. <!ENTITY edubuntu-irc "irc.ubuntu.com channel #edubuntu">
  33. <!-- UBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY ubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com">
  34. <!ENTITY ubuntu-web "http://www.ubuntu.com">
  35. <!ENTITY ubuntu-main "http://www.ubuntu.com">
  36. <!ENTITY ubuntu-download "http://www.ubuntu.com/download">
  37. <!ENTITY ubuntu-forums "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/forums">
  38. <!ENTITY ubuntu-components "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/components">
  39. <!ENTITY ubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com">
  40. <!ENTITY ubuntu-wiki "http://wiki.ubuntu.com">
  41. <!ENTITY ubuntu-bugzilla "https://launchpad.net/distros/ubuntu/+bugs">
  42. <!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-bugs "https://launchpad.net/products/ubuntu-doc/+bugs">
  43. <!ENTITY ubuntu-support "http://www.ubuntu.com/support">
  44. <!ENTITY ubuntu-paidsupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/paid">
  45. <!ENTITY ubuntu-freesupport "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/free">
  46. <!ENTITY ubuntu-comments "http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=21787">
  47. <!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation "http://help.ubuntu.com">
  48. <!ENTITY ubuntu-documentation-repos "https://docteam.ubuntu.com/repos/trunk">
  49. <!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-team "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam">
  50. <!ENTITY ubuntu-doc-list "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/ubuntu-doc">
  51. <!ENTITY ubuntu-shipit "http://shipit.ubuntu.com">
  52. <!ENTITY ubuntu-launchpad "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com">
  53. <!ENTITY ubuntu-rosetta "https://launchpad.ubuntu.com/rosetta">
  54. <!ENTITY ubuntu-planet "http://planet.ubuntu.com">
  55. <!ENTITY ubuntu-philosophy "http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/philosophy">
  56. <!ENTITY ubuntu-participate "http://www.ubuntu.com/community/participate/">
  57. <!ENTITY ubuntu-marketplace "http://www.ubuntu.com/support/marketplace">
  58. <!ENTITY ubuntu-hwdb "http://hwdb.ubuntu.com">
  59. <!-- UBUNTU WIKI RESOURCES --><!ENTITY wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
  60. <!ENTITY restricted-formats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
  61. <!ENTITY wiki-RestrictedFormats "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats">
  62. <!ENTITY wiki-XChatHowto "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/XChatHowto">
  63. <!ENTITY wiki-RootSudo "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">
  64. <!ENTITY wiki-HowToGetHelp "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToGetHelp">
  65. <!ENTITY transcode "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DVDRippingandEncoding">
  66. <!ENTITY wiki-Wine "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Wine">
  67. <!ENTITY wiki-Cedega "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Cedega">
  68. <!ENTITY wiki-Nano "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/NanoHowto">
  69. <!ENTITY wiki-locoteams "https://wiki.ubuntu.com/LoCoTeamList">
  70. <!ENTITY wiki-BasicCommands "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/BasicCommands">
  71. <!ENTITY wiki-filepermissions "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/FilePermissions">
  72. <!-- KUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY kubuntu-web "http://www.kubuntu.org">
  73. <!ENTITY kubuntu-main "http://www.kubuntu.org">
  74. <!ENTITY kubuntu-download "http://releases.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/">
  75. <!ENTITY kubuntu-packages "http://packages.ubuntu.com/edgy/">
  76. <!ENTITY kubuntu-cdpackages-nodefault "http://people.ubuntu.com/~cjwatson/seeds/kubuntu-edgy/ship">
  77. <!ENTITY kubuntu-lists "http://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-users/">
  78. <!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-users "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-users/">
  79. <!ENTITY kubuntu-lists-devel "http://lists.ubuntu.com/mailman/listinfo/kubuntu-devel/">
  80. <!ENTITY kubuntu-mirrors "http://distrowatch.com/kubuntu">
  81. <!ENTITY kubuntu-forums "http://kubuntuforums.net">
  82. <!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki "https://wiki.kubuntu.org">
  83. <!ENTITY kubuntu-documentation-site "http://www.kubuntu.org/documentation.php">
  84. <!ENTITY kubuntu-wiki-UserDocumentation "https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UserDocumentation">
  85. <!ENTITY kubuntu-support "http://www.kubuntu.org/support.php">
  86. <!-- XUBUNTU URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY xubuntu-web "http://www.xubuntu.org">
  87. <!ENTITY xubuntu-main "http://www.xubuntu.org">
  88. <!ENTITY xubuntu-web-help "http://www.xubuntu.org/help">
  89. <!-- DEBIAN RESOURCES --><!ENTITY debian-apt "http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">
  90. <!-- EXTERNAL URL RESOURCES --><!ENTITY linmodem "http://www.linmodems.org/">
  91. <!ENTITY gnome "http://www.gnome.org/">
  92. <!ENTITY linuxorg "http://www.linux.org/">
  93. <!ENTITY ooo "http://www.openoffice.org/">
  94. <!ENTITY kde "http://www.kde.org/">
  95. <!ENTITY lugww "http://lugww.counter.li.org/">
  96. <!ENTITY ubuntu-watch "http://distrowatch.com/ubuntu/">
  97. <!ENTITY realplayer-download "http://www.real.com/linux/">
  98. <!ENTITY nvu-download "http://www.nvu.com/download.html">
  99. <!ENTITY sunjava-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
  100. <!ENTITY xorg "http://www.x.org">
  101. <!ENTITY dyndns "http://www.dyndns.org">
  102. <!ENTITY shoutcast "http://www.shoutcast.com/">
  103. <!ENTITY freedomtoaster "http://www.freedomtoaster.org/">
  104. <!ENTITY xfce "http://www.xfce.org/">
  105. <!-- ubuntu-screenshots TODO --><!ENTITY kubuntu-screenshots "http://shots.osdir.com/">
  106. <!ENTITY mozilla "http://www.mozilla.org/">
  107. <!ENTITY mozilla-firefox "http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/">
  108. <!ENTITY gnu "http://www.gnu.org/">
  109. <!ENTITY gnu-philosophy "http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/">
  110. <!ENTITY win4lin "http://www.win4lin.com">
  111. <!ENTITY codeweavers "http://www.codeweavers.com">
  112. <!ENTITY kernel "http://www.kernel.org">
  113. <!ENTITY google "http://www.google.com">
  114. <!ENTITY kdelook " http://www.kde-look.org">
  115. <!ENTITY lulu-store "http://www.lulu.com/ubuntu-doc">
  116. <!-- this entity controls the url for addons--><!ENTITY java-download "http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/download.jsp">
  117. <!ENTITY skype-deb "skype_1.2.0.17-1_i386.deb">
  118. <!ENTITY skype-download "http://www.skype.com/go/getskype-linux-deb">
  119. <!ENTITY scanmodem-gz "scanModem.gz">
  120. <!ENTITY scanmodem-url "http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/packages/scanModem.gz">
  121. <!ENTITY ext2fs-url "http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html">
  122. <!ENTITY mvb-tar "mvb_1.6.tgz">
  123. <!ENTITY mvb-url "http://www.xscd.com/pub/mvb/&mvb-tar;">
  124. <!-- TLDP --><!ENTITY ldp-pre-install-check "http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Pre-Installation-Checklist/">
  125. <!-- LANGUAGES (sorted by two letter code)--><!ENTITY Afar "aa">
  126. <!ENTITY Abkhazian "ab">
  127. <!ENTITY Afrikaans "af">
  128. <!ENTITY Amharic "af">
  129. <!ENTITY Arabic "ar">
  130. <!ENTITY Assamese "as">
  131. <!ENTITY Aymara "ay">
  132. <!ENTITY Azerbaijani "az">
  133. <!ENTITY Bashkir "ba">
  134. <!ENTITY Byelorussian "be">
  135. <!ENTITY Bulgarian "bg">
  136. <!ENTITY Bihari "bh">
  137. <!ENTITY Bislama "bi">
  138. <!ENTITY Bangla "bn">
  139. <!ENTITY Bengali "bn">
  140. <!ENTITY Tibetan "bo">
  141. <!ENTITY Breton "br">
  142. <!ENTITY Catalan "ca">
  143. <!ENTITY Corsican "co">
  144. <!ENTITY Czech "cs">
  145. <!ENTITY Welsh "cy">
  146. <!ENTITY Danish "da">
  147. <!ENTITY German "de">
  148. <!ENTITY Bhutani "dz">
  149. <!ENTITY Greek "el">
  150. <!-- <!ENTITY EnglishAmerican 'en'> --><!ENTITY EnglishAmerican "C">
  151. <!ENTITY Esperanto "eo">
  152. <!ENTITY Spanish "es">
  153. <!ENTITY Estonian "et">
  154. <!ENTITY Basque "eu">
  155. <!ENTITY Persian "fa">
  156. <!ENTITY Finnish "fi">
  157. <!ENTITY Fiji "fj">
  158. <!ENTITY Faeroese "fo">
  159. <!ENTITY French "fr">
  160. <!ENTITY Frisian "fy">
  161. <!ENTITY Irish "ga">
  162. <!ENTITY Gaelic "gd">
  163. <!ENTITY ScotsGaelic "gd">
  164. <!ENTITY Galician "gl">
  165. <!ENTITY Guarani "gn">
  166. <!ENTITY Gujarati "gu">
  167. <!ENTITY Hausa "ha">
  168. <!ENTITY Hindi "hi">
  169. <!ENTITY Croatian "hr">
  170. <!ENTITY Hungarian "hu">
  171. <!ENTITY Armenian "hy">
  172. <!ENTITY Interlingua "ia">
  173. <!ENTITY Interlingue "ie">
  174. <!ENTITY Inupiak "ik">
  175. <!ENTITY Indonesian "in">
  176. <!ENTITY Icelandic "is">
  177. <!ENTITY Italian "it">
  178. <!ENTITY Hebrew "iw">
  179. <!ENTITY Japanese "ja">
  180. <!ENTITY Yiddish "ji">
  181. <!ENTITY Javanese "jw">
  182. <!ENTITY Georgian "ka">
  183. <!ENTITY Kazakh "kk">
  184. <!ENTITY Greenlandic "kl">
  185. <!ENTITY Cambodian "km">
  186. <!ENTITY Kannada "kn">
  187. <!ENTITY Korean "ko">
  188. <!ENTITY Kashmiri "ks">
  189. <!ENTITY Kurdish "ku">
  190. <!ENTITY Kirghiz "ky">
  191. <!ENTITY Latin "la">
  192. <!ENTITY Lingala "ln">
  193. <!ENTITY Laothian "lo">
  194. <!ENTITY Lithuanian "lt">
  195. <!ENTITY Latvian "lv">
  196. <!ENTITY Lettish "lv">
  197. <!ENTITY Malagasy "mg">
  198. <!ENTITY Maori "mi">
  199. <!ENTITY Macedonian "mk">
  200. <!ENTITY Malayalam "ml">
  201. <!ENTITY Mongolian "mn">
  202. <!ENTITY Moldavian "mo">
  203. <!ENTITY Marathi "mr">
  204. <!ENTITY Malay "ms">
  205. <!ENTITY Maltese "mt">
  206. <!ENTITY Burmese "my">
  207. <!ENTITY Nauru "na">
  208. <!ENTITY Nepali "ne">
  209. <!ENTITY Dutch "nl">
  210. <!ENTITY Norwegian "no">
  211. <!ENTITY Occitan "oc">
  212. <!ENTITY Afan "om">
  213. <!ENTITY Oromo "om">
  214. <!ENTITY Oriya "or">
  215. <!ENTITY Punjabi "pa">
  216. <!ENTITY Polish "pl">
  217. <!ENTITY Pushto "ps">
  218. <!ENTITY Pashto "ps">
  219. <!ENTITY Portuguese "pt">
  220. <!ENTITY Quechua "qu">
  221. <!ENTITY Rhaeto-Romance "rm">
  222. <!ENTITY Kirundi "rn">
  223. <!ENTITY Romanian "ro">
  224. <!ENTITY Russian "ru">
  225. <!ENTITY Kinyarwanda "rw">
  226. <!ENTITY Sanskrit "sa">
  227. <!ENTITY Sindhi "sd">
  228. <!ENTITY Sangro "sg">
  229. <!ENTITY Serbo-Croatian "sh">
  230. <!ENTITY Singhalese "si">
  231. <!ENTITY Slovak "sk">
  232. <!ENTITY Slovenian "sl">
  233. <!ENTITY Samoan "sm">
  234. <!ENTITY Shona "sn">
  235. <!ENTITY Somali "so">
  236. <!ENTITY Albanian "sq">
  237. <!ENTITY Serbian "sr">
  238. <!ENTITY Siswati "ss">
  239. <!ENTITY Sesotho "st">
  240. <!ENTITY Sudanese "su">
  241. <!ENTITY Swedish "sv">
  242. <!ENTITY Swahili "sw">
  243. <!ENTITY Tamil "ta">
  244. <!ENTITY Tegulu "te">
  245. <!ENTITY Tajik "tg">
  246. <!ENTITY Thai "th">
  247. <!ENTITY Tigrinya "ti">
  248. <!ENTITY Turkmen "tk">
  249. <!ENTITY Tagalog "tl">
  250. <!ENTITY Setswana "tn">
  251. <!ENTITY Tonga "to">
  252. <!ENTITY Turkish "tr">
  253. <!ENTITY Tsonga "ts">
  254. <!ENTITY Tatar "tt">
  255. <!ENTITY Twi "tw">
  256. <!ENTITY Ukrainian "uk">
  257. <!ENTITY Urdu "ur">
  258. <!ENTITY Uzbek "uz">
  259. <!ENTITY Vietnamese "vi">
  260. <!ENTITY Volapuk "vo">
  261. <!ENTITY Wolof "wo">
  262. <!ENTITY Xhosa "xh">
  263. <!ENTITY Yoruba "yo">
  264. <!ENTITY Chinese "zh">
  265. <!ENTITY Zulu "zu">
  266. <!ENTITY % gnome-menus-C SYSTEM "../../libs/gnome-menus-C.ent">
  267. <!-- MENUS --><!-- Please keep entries alphabetical, it makes them much easier to find & use --><!ENTITY about-me "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>About-me</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  268. <!ENTITY accessories "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  269. <!ENTITY acro-read "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Acrobat Reader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  270. <!ENTITY administration "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  271. <!ENTITY aisleriot "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>AisleRiot Solitaire</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  272. <!ENTITY amule "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>aMule</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  273. <!ENTITY anjuta-ide "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Anjuta IDE</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  274. <!ENTITY archive-man "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Archive Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  275. <!ENTITY assistive-technology-preferences "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Assistive Technology Support</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  276. <!ENTITY audacity "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Sound & Video</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Audacity</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  277. <!ENTITY azureus "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Azureus</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  278. <!ENTITY baobab "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Disk Usage Analyzer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  279. <!ENTITY bittorrent "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Bittorrent</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  280. <!ENTITY blender3d "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Blender 3d modeller</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  281. <!ENTITY bluefish "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Bluefish Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  282. <!ENTITY boot "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Boot</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  283. <!ENTITY brasero "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Brasero Disc Burning</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  284. <!ENTITY bum "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Boot-up Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  285. <!ENTITY bzrgtk "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Programming</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Olive bazaar Branch Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  286. <!ENTITY calculator "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Calculator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  287. <!ENTITY character-map "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Character Map</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  288. <!ENTITY compizconfig "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>CompizConfig Settings Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  289. <!ENTITY computer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Computer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  290. <!ENTITY connecttoserver "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Connect to Server...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  291. <!ENTITY cowbell "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Sound & Video</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Cowbell Music Organizer</guimenuitem>    </menuchoice>">
  292. <!ENTITY chromium "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Chromium</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  293. <!ENTITY computer-janitor "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>System Janitor</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  294. <!ENTITY desktop-background "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Desktop Background</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  295. <!ENTITY desktop-effects "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Appearance</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Visual Effects</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  296. <!ENTITY desktop-preferences "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  297. <!ENTITY devhelp "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Programming</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Devhelp</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  298. <!ENTITY device-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Hardware Information</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  299. <!ENTITY dictionary "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Dictionary</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  300. <!ENTITY disks "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Disks</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  301. <!ENTITY downloader-x "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Downloader for X</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  302. <!ENTITY eclipse-ide "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Eclipse IDE</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  303. <!ENTITY ekiga "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Ekiga Softphone</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  304. <!ENTITY efax-gtk "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Office</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Efax-gtk</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  305. <!ENTITY etherape "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Etherape</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  306. <!ENTITY evolution-mail "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Evolution Mail</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  307. <!ENTITY file-management "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>File Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  308. <!ENTITY firefox "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Internet</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Firefox Web Browser</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  309. <!ENTITY firestarter-firewall-tool "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Firestarter</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  310. <!ENTITY five-or-more "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Five or More</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  311. <!ENTITY font "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Font</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  312. <!ENTITY f-spot "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>F-Spot Photo Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  313. <!ENTITY frozen-bubble "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Frozen Bubble</guisubmenu></menuchoice> to play <application>Frozen Bubble</application>">
  314. <!ENTITY gambas "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Gambas</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  315. <!ENTITY games "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  316. <!ENTITY gdesklets "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessories</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>gDesklets</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  317. <!ENTITY gftp "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>gFTP</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  318. <!ENTITY gimp "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>GIMP Image Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  319. <!ENTITY gnome-app-install "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Add/Remove...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  320. <!ENTITY gnome-config-editor "<screen><command>gconf-editor</command></screen>">
  321. <!ENTITY gnome-sound-recorder "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Sound Recorder</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  322. <!ENTITY gparted "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration </guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Gnome Partition Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  323. <!ENTITY graphics "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  324. <!ENTITY gthumb "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>gThumb Image Viewer</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  325. <!ENTITY gtkpod "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Sound & Video</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>gtkpod</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  326. <!ENTITY gnucash "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>GnuCash Finance Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  327. <!ENTITY gxine "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>gxine</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  328. <!ENTITY home-folder "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Home Folder</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  329. <!ENTITY homebank "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>HomeBank</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  330. <!ENTITY hubackup "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Home User Backup</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  331. <!ENTITY hurestore "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Home User Restore</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  332. <!ENTITY inkscape "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Inkscape SVG Vector Illustrator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  333. <!ENTITY internet "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  334. <!ENTITY kdevelop "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Programming</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>KDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  335. <!ENTITY keyboard "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Keyboard</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  336. <!ENTITY keyboard-shortcuts "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Keyboard Shortcuts</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  337. <!ENTITY language-support "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Language Support</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  338. <!ENTITY liferea "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Liferea Feed Reader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  339. <!ENTITY limewire "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>LimeWire</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  340. <!ENTITY lockscreen "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Lock Screen</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  341. <!ENTITY login-screen-setup "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Login Window</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  342. <!ENTITY mahjongg "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Games</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Mahjongg</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  343. <!ENTITY menu-editor "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Accessories</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Applications Menu Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  344. <!ENTITY menus-and-toolbars "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Menus & Toolbars</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  345. <!ENTITY monodevelop "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>MonoDevelop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  346. <!ENTITY monodoc "<menuchoice><guimenuitem>Applications</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Programming</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>MonoDoc</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  347. <!ENTITY mouse "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Mouse</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  348. <!ENTITY mtink "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>mtink</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  349. <!ENTITY music "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Music</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  350. <!ENTITY multimedia-systems-selector "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Multimedia Systems Selector</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  351. <!ENTITY ndisgtk "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Windows Wireless Drivers</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  352. <!ENTITY network-proxy "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Network Proxy</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  353. <!ENTITY network-tools "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Network Tools</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  354. <!ENTITY networking "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Network</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  355. <!ENTITY network-servers "<menuchoice><guimenu>Places</guimenu><guimenuitem>Network</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  356. <!ENTITY neverball "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Neverball</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  357. <!ENTITY neverputt "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Neverputt</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  358. <!ENTITY nexuiz "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Nexuiz</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  359. <!ENTITY open-office "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  360. <!ENTITY openoffice-base "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Database</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  361. <!ENTITY openoffice-draw "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Draw</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  362. <!ENTITY openoffice-presentation "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Presentation</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  363. <!ENTITY openoffice-spreadsheet "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Spreadsheet</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  364. <!ENTITY openoffice-writer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>OpenOffice.org Word Processor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  365. <!ENTITY palmos-devices "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>PalmOS Devices</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  366. <!ENTITY pan "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Pan Newsreader</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  367. <!ENTITY photoprint "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>PhotoPrint</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  368. <!ENTITY pidgin "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Pidgin Internet Messenger</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  369. <!ENTITY power-management "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Power Management</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  370. <!ENTITY ppracer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Planet Penguin Racer</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  371. <!ENTITY preferences "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Preferences</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  372. <!ENTITY preferred-applications "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Preferred Applications</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  373. <!ENTITY print "<menuchoice><guimenu>File</guimenu><guimenuitem>Print</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  374. <!ENTITY printing "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Printing</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  375. <!ENTITY qtparted "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>System Tools</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>QTParted</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  376. <!ENTITY remote-desktop "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Remote Desktop</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  377. <!ENTITY removable-drives-and-media "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Removable Drives and Media</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  378. <!ENTITY realplayer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>RealPlayer 11</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  379. <!ENTITY restricted-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Hardware Drivers</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  380. <!ENTITY rhythmbox "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Rhythmbox Music Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  381. <!ENTITY route-planner "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>aMule</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  382. <!ENTITY scorched3d "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>Scorched 3D</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  383. <!ENTITY screen-resolution "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Screen Resolution</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  384. <!ENTITY screensaver "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Screensaver</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  385. <!ENTITY scribus "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Office</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Scribus</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  386. <!ENTITY serpentine "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Serpentine Audio CD Creator</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  387. <!ENTITY services "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Services</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  388. <!ENTITY sessions "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Sessions</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  389. <!ENTITY shared-folders "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Shared Folders</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  390. <!ENTITY skype "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Skype</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  391. <!ENTITY software-properties "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  392. <!ENTITY software-sources "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Software Sources</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  393. <!ENTITY sound "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Sound</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  394. <!ENTITY soundandvideo "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  395. <!ENTITY soundjuicer "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Audio CD Extractor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  396. <!ENTITY supertux "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>SuperTux</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  397. <!ENTITY shutdown "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Shut Down...</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  398. <!ENTITY synaptic "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Synaptic Package Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  399. <!ENTITY system-monitor "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guisubmenu>Administration</guisubmenu><guimenuitem>System Monitor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  400. <!ENTITY systemtools "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>System Tools</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  401. <!ENTITY terminal "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Terminal</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  402. <!ENTITY text-editor "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Accessories</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Text Editor</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  403. <!ENTITY theme "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Theme</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  404. <!ENTITY thunderbird "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Mozilla Thunderbird Mail/News</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  405. <!ENTITY time-date "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Time and Date</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  406. <!ENTITY totem "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Movie Player</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  407. <!ENTITY touchpad "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Touchpad</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  408. <!ENTITY tremulous "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guisubmenu>Games</guisubmenu><guisubmenu>Tremulous</guisubmenu></menuchoice>">
  409. <!ENTITY ubuntu-update-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Ubuntu Update Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  410. <!ENTITY update-manager "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Update Manager</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  411. <!ENTITY users "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Users and Groups</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  412. <!ENTITY users-groups "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Administration</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Users and Groups</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  413. <!ENTITY windows "<menuchoice><guimenu>System</guimenu><guimenuitem>Preferences</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Windows</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  414. <!ENTITY wireshark "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Wireshark</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  415. <!ENTITY xchat-gnome "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Internet</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Xchat-GNOME IRC Chat</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  416. <!ENTITY xine "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>xine</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  417. <!ENTITY xmms "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Sound & Video</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>XMMS</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  418. <!ENTITY xsane "<menuchoice><guimenu>Applications</guimenu><guimenuitem>Graphics</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>XSane Image Scanner</guimenuitem></menuchoice>">
  419. <!ENTITY language "en">
  420. ]>
  421. <article lang="el">
  422.   <articleinfo>
  423.     <title>ŒßœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ</title>
  424.     
  425.     <legalnotice id="legal">
  426.         <title>Œ£œÖŒΩœÑŒµŒªŒµœÉœÑŒ≠œÇ Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒÜŒ¥ŒµŒπŒ± ŒßœÅŒÆœÉŒ∑œÇ</title>
  427.         <para>ŒëœÖœÑœå œÑŒø Œ≠Œ≥Œ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒø œÉœÖŒΩœÑŒ∑œÅŒµŒØœÑŒ±Œπ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ± œÑŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ∑œÅŒØœâœÉŒ∑œÇ œÑŒøœÖ Ubuntu (https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DocumentationTeam). ŒìŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ ŒªŒØœÉœÑŒ± œÑœâŒΩ œÉœÖŒΩœÑŒµŒªŒµœÉœÑœéŒΩ, Œ¥ŒµŒØœÑŒµ <ulink url="../../libs/C/contributors.xml">œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÉŒµŒªŒØŒ¥Œ± œÑŒøœÖœÇ</ulink></para>
  428.         <para>Œ§Œø Œ≠Œ≥Œ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒø Œ±œÖœÑœå Œ¥ŒπŒ±œÑŒØŒ∏ŒµœÑŒ±Œπ œÖœÄœå œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ± Creative Commons ShareAlike 2.5 (CC-BY-SA).</para>
  429.         <para>ŒïŒØœÉœÑŒµ ŒµŒªŒµœçŒ∏ŒµœÅŒøŒπ ŒΩŒ± œÑœÅŒøœÄŒøœÄŒøŒπŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ, ŒΩŒ± ŒµœÄŒµŒ∫œÑŒµŒØŒΩŒµœÑŒµ Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒΩŒ± Œ≤ŒµŒªœÑŒπœéœÉŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒøŒΩ œÄŒ∑Œ≥Œ±ŒØŒø Œ∫œéŒ¥ŒπŒ∫Œ± œÑŒ∑œÇ œÑŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ∑œÅŒØœâœÉŒ∑œÇ œÑŒøœÖ Ubuntu, œÖœÄœå œÑŒøœÖœÇ œåœÅŒøœÖœÇ œÑŒ∑œÇ œÉœÖŒ≥Œ∫ŒµŒ∫œÅŒπŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒ∑œÇ Œ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ±œÇ.</para>
  430.         <para>ŒëœÖœÑŒÆ Œ∑ œÑŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ∑œÅŒØœâœÉŒ∑ Œ¥ŒπŒ±ŒΩŒ≠ŒºŒµœÑŒ±Œπ ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒªœÄŒØŒ¥Œ± œåœÑŒπ Œ∏Œ± ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œáœÅŒÆœÉŒπŒºŒ∑, Œ±ŒªŒªŒ¨ ŒßŒ©Œ°ŒôŒ£ ŒüŒ†ŒüŒôŒëŒîŒóŒ†ŒüŒ§Œï ŒïŒìŒìŒ•ŒóŒ£Œó, œáœâœÅŒØœÇ Œ±Œ∫œåŒºŒ∑ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÖœÄŒøŒΩŒøŒøœçŒºŒµŒΩŒ∑ ŒµŒ≥Œ≥œçŒ∑œÉŒ∑ ŒïŒúŒ†ŒüŒ°ŒïŒ•Œ£ŒôŒúŒüŒ§ŒóŒ§ŒëŒ£ ŒÆ Œ§ŒóŒ£ ŒöŒëŒ§ŒëŒõŒõŒóŒõŒüŒ§ŒóŒ§ŒëŒ£ ŒìŒôŒë Œ£Œ•ŒìŒöŒïŒöŒ°ŒôŒúŒïŒùŒü Œ£ŒöŒüŒ†Œü ŒüŒ†Œ©Œ£ Œ†ŒïŒ°ŒôŒìŒ°ŒëŒ¶ŒïŒ§ŒëŒô Œ£Œ§ŒóŒù ŒëŒ†ŒüŒ†ŒüŒôŒóŒ£Œó ŒïŒ•ŒòŒ•ŒùŒóŒ£.</para>
  431.         <para>ŒàŒΩŒ± Œ±ŒΩœÑŒØŒ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒø œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ±œÇ œáœÅŒÆœÉŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ∏Œ≠œÉŒπŒºŒø ŒµŒ¥œé: <ulink url="/usr/share/ubuntu-docs/libs/C/ccbysa.xml">Creative Commons ShareAlike License</ulink>.</para>
  432.     </legalnotice>
  433. <copyright>
  434.     <year>2008</year>
  435.     <holder>Œó ŒµœÑŒ±ŒπœÅŒØŒ± Canonical Ltd. Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÉœÖŒΩœÑŒµŒªŒµœÉœÑŒ≠œÇ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒø <ulink url="https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-core-doc">ŒàœÅŒ≥Œø Œ§ŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ∑œÅŒØœâœÉŒ∑œÇ Ubuntu</ulink></holder>
  436. </copyright>
  437. <publisher>
  438.     <publishername>Œ§Œø ŒàœÅŒ≥Œø Œ§ŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ∑œÅŒØœâœÉŒ∑œÇ œÑŒøœÖ Ubuntu</publishername>
  439. </publisher>
  440.  
  441.   </articleinfo>
  442.   <sect1 id="using-this-guide" status="review">
  443.     <title>ŒßœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ Œ±œÖœÑœåŒΩ œÑŒøŒΩ ŒüŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥œå</title>
  444.     <para>
  445.       <emphasis>"Œ£œÑŒø Linux œÖœÄŒ¨œÅœáŒøœÖŒΩ GUIs (Œ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒπŒ∫Œ¨ œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ≤Œ¨ŒªŒªŒøŒΩœÑŒ±), œåœÄŒøœÖ ŒºœÄŒøœÅŒµŒØœÑŒµ ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒµŒØŒæŒµœÑŒµ, ŒΩŒ± Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩŒµœÑŒµ Œ∫ŒªŒπŒ∫ Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒΩŒ± 'œÉœçœÅŒµœÑŒµ' ŒºŒµ œÑŒø œÄŒøŒΩœÑŒØŒ∫Œπ, Œ≠œÑœÉŒπ œéœÉœÑŒµ ŒΩŒ± Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ Œ¥ŒøœÖŒªŒµŒπŒ¨ œÉŒ±œÇ œáœâœÅŒØœÇ ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ≤Œ¨œÉŒµœÑŒµ œÄŒøŒªœç œÑŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ∑œÅŒØœâœÉŒ∑. Œ§Œø œÄŒ±œÅŒ±Œ¥ŒøœÉŒπŒ±Œ∫œå œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ≤Œ¨ŒªŒªŒøŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ Unix ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± CLI (Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ), œåœÄŒøœÖ Œ≥œÅŒ¨œÜŒµœÑŒµ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ œÖœÄŒøŒªŒøŒ≥ŒπœÉœÑŒÆ œÑŒπ ŒΩŒ± Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩŒµŒπ. ŒëœÖœÑœåœÇ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œÑŒ±œáœçœÑŒµœÅŒøœÇ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÄŒπŒø ŒπœÉœáœÖœÅœåœÇ œÑœÅœåœÄŒøœÇ, Œ±ŒªŒªŒ¨ Œ±œÄŒ±ŒπœÑŒµŒØ ŒΩŒ± ŒæŒ≠œÅŒµœÑŒµ œÄŒøŒπŒµœÇ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑŒπ Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩŒøœÖŒΩ ŒøŒπ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ." -- Œ±œÄœå <emphasis role="strong">man intro(1)</emphasis></emphasis>
  446.     </para>
  447.     <para>ŒëœÖœÑœåœÇ Œø ŒøŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥œåœÇ Œ∏Œ± Œ≤ŒøŒ∑Œ∏ŒÆœÉŒµŒπ œÉœÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒπœÉŒ±Œ≥œâŒ≥ŒÆ œÉŒ±œÇ œÉœÑŒπœÇ Œ≤Œ±œÉŒπŒ∫Œ≠œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ œÑœâŒΩ œÉœÖœÉœÑŒ∑ŒºŒ¨œÑœâŒΩ GNU/Linux. Œü œÉŒ∫ŒøœÄœåœÇ Œ±œÖœÑŒøœç œÑŒøœÖ ŒµŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒπŒ¥ŒØŒøœÖ Œ¥ŒµŒΩ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ ŒΩŒ± ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ≠ŒΩŒ±œÇ œÄŒªŒÆœÅŒ∑œÇ ŒøŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥œåœÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ, Œ±ŒªŒªŒ¨ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ±Œ≥œâŒ≥ŒÆ ŒºŒµ œÉŒ∫ŒøœÄœå œÑŒ∑ œÉœÖŒºœÄŒªŒÆœÅœâœÉŒ∑ œÑœâŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒπŒ∫œéŒΩ ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±ŒªŒµŒØœâŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ Ubuntu.</para>
  448.     <para>
  449.       <itemizedlist>
  450.     <listitem>
  451.       <para>ŒåŒªŒ± œÑŒ± ŒøŒΩœåŒºŒ±œÑŒ± œÑœâŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ, œÑœâŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØœâŒΩ ŒÆ œÑœâŒΩ Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ¥œÅŒøŒºœéŒΩ œÑœâŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥œâŒΩ Œ∏Œ± ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØŒ∂ŒøŒΩœÑŒ±Œπ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÉŒµŒπœÅŒ¨ <command>monospace</command>.</para>
  452.     </listitem>
  453.     <listitem>
  454.       <para>ŒåŒªŒµœÇ ŒøŒπ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ Œ±œÖœÑŒøœç œÑŒøœÖ ŒøŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥Œøœç ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒøŒΩœÑŒ±Œπ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ <application>œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫Œøœç</application> Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØŒ∂ŒøŒΩœÑŒ±Œπ œâœÇ ŒµŒæŒÆœÇ: <screen>ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªœåŒ≥Œ∑œÉŒ∑</screen></para>
  455.     </listitem>
  456.     <listitem>
  457.       <para><emphasis role="strong">Œ£Œ∑ŒºŒµŒπœéœÉœÑŒµ œåœÑŒπ œÑŒø Linux Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩŒµŒπ Œ¥ŒπŒ¨Œ∫œÅŒπœÉŒ∑ ŒºŒµœÑŒ±Œæœç œÄŒµŒ∂œéŒΩ Œ∫Œ±Œπ Œ∫ŒµœÜŒ±ŒªŒ±ŒØœâŒΩ.</emphasis> ŒüŒπ ŒªŒ≠ŒæŒµŒπœÇ User, user, Œ∫Œ±Œπ USER ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ¥ŒπŒ±œÜŒøœÅŒµœÑŒπŒ∫Œ≠œÇ œÉœÑŒø Linux.</para>
  458.     </listitem>
  459.       </itemizedlist>
  460.     </para>
  461.   </sect1>
  462.  
  463.   <sect1 id="starting-terminal" status="review">
  464.     <title>ŒïŒ∫Œ∫ŒØŒΩŒ∑œÉŒ∑ œÑŒøœÖ Œ§ŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫Œøœç</title>
  465.     <para>ŒìŒπŒ± œÑŒø Œ¨ŒΩŒøŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± œÑŒøœÖ <application>œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫Œøœç</application> Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩœÑŒµ œÑŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ±Œ∫Œ¨œÑœâ:</para>
  466.     <para>
  467.       <itemizedlist>
  468.     <listitem>
  469.       <para>ŒïœÄŒπŒªŒ≠ŒæœÑŒµ <menuchoice><guimenu>ŒïœÜŒ±œÅŒºŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ</guimenu><guimenuitem>ŒíŒøŒ∑Œ∏ŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒ±</guimenuitem><guimenuitem>Œ§ŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫œå</guimenuitem></menuchoice>,</para>
  470.     </listitem>
  471.     <listitem>
  472.       <para>ŒÆ œÄŒ±œÑŒÆœÉœÑŒµ <keycombo><keycap>Alt</keycap><keycap>F2</keycap></keycombo> Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆœÉœÑŒµ <command>gnome-terminal</command>.</para>
  473.     </listitem>
  474.       </itemizedlist>
  475.     </para>
  476.    </sect1>
  477.   
  478.   <sect1 id="files-directories-commands" status="review">
  479.     <title>ŒïŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒëœÅœáŒµŒØŒ± Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒöŒ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥ŒøœÖœÇ</title>
  480.  
  481.     <sect2 id="cd" status="review">
  482.       <title>cd</title>
  483.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>cd</command> Œ±ŒªŒªŒ¨Œ∂ŒµŒπ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥ŒøœÖœÇ. ŒåœÑŒ±ŒΩ ŒµŒ∫Œ∫ŒπŒΩŒµŒØœÑŒµ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫œå Œ∏Œ± Œ≤œÅŒµŒ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ ŒëœÅœáŒπŒ∫œå œÉŒ±œÇ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø. ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉœÑŒø œÉœçœÉœÑŒ∑ŒºŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØœâŒΩ Œ∏Œ± œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>cd</command>.</para>
  484.     <itemizedlist>
  485.       <listitem>
  486.         <para>ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉœÑŒø œÉœçœÉœÑŒ∑ŒºŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØœâŒΩ (root directory), ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ: <screen>cd /</screen></para>
  487.       </listitem>
  488.  
  489.       <listitem>
  490.         <para>ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ œÄœÅŒøœÉœâœÄŒπŒ∫œå œÉŒ±œÇ Œ±œÅœáŒπŒ∫œå Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø (home directory), ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ: <screen>cd</screen> ŒÆ <screen>cd ~</screen></para>
  491.         <note>
  492.                 <para>Œü œáŒ±œÅŒ±Œ∫œÑŒÆœÅŒ±œÇ <command>~</command> Œ±ŒΩœÑŒπœÄœÅŒøœÉœâœÄŒµœçŒµŒπ œÑŒøŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒπŒ∫œå Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø œÑŒøœÖ œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑. ŒåœÄœâœÇ ŒµŒØŒ¥Œ±ŒºŒµ œÄŒ±œÅŒ±œÄŒ¨ŒΩœâ, Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>cd ~</command> ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ±ŒΩœÑŒØœÉœÑŒøŒπœáŒ∑ ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ <command>cd /home/œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ±_œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑/</command>. Œ©œÉœÑœåœÉŒø œåœÑŒ±ŒΩ ŒµŒ∫œÑŒµŒªŒøœçŒºŒµ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ œâœÇ root (œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>sudo</command>, Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ±), Œø œáŒ±œÅŒ±Œ∫œÑŒÆœÅŒ±œÇ <command>~</command> Œ±ŒΩœÑŒπœÄœÅŒøœÉœâœÄŒµœçŒµŒπ œÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø <filename class="directory">/root</filename>. ŒåœÑŒ±ŒΩ ŒµŒ∫œÑŒµŒªŒøœçŒºŒµ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ <command>sudo</command>, œÄœÅŒ≠œÄŒµŒπ ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒøŒ∏ŒµŒØ œåŒªŒ∑ Œ∑ Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ¥œÅŒøŒºŒÆ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒπŒ∫œå œÉŒ±œÇ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø.</para>
  493.       </note>
  494.       </listitem>
  495.  
  496.       <listitem>
  497.         <para>ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉŒµ Œ≠ŒΩŒ±ŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø Œ≠ŒΩŒ± ŒµœÄŒØœÄŒµŒ¥Œø œÄŒ¨ŒΩœâ, ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ: <screen>cd ..</screen></para>
  498.       </listitem>
  499.  
  500.       <listitem>
  501.         <para>ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉŒµ Œ≠ŒΩŒ±ŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø Œ≠ŒΩŒ± ŒµœÄŒØœÄŒµŒ¥Œø œÄŒØœÉœâ, ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ: <screen>cd -</screen></para>
  502.       </listitem>
  503.  
  504.       <listitem>
  505.         <para>ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉŒµ œÄŒøŒªŒªŒ±œÄŒªŒ¨ ŒµœÄŒØœÄŒµŒ¥Œ± Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥œâŒΩ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒØŒ¥ŒπŒ± œÉœÑŒπŒ≥ŒºŒÆ, Œ∫Œ±Œ∏ŒøœÅŒØœÉœÑŒµ œåŒªŒ∑ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ¥œÅŒøŒºŒÆ œÑŒøœÖ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥ŒøœÖ œÄŒøœÖ Œ∏Œ± Œ∏Œ≠ŒªŒ±œÑŒµ ŒΩŒ± œÄŒ¨œÑŒµ. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ: <screen>cd /var/www</screen> Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒ¨œÑŒµ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒµœÖŒ∏ŒµŒØŒ±ŒΩ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ <filename class="directory">/www</filename> œÖœÄŒøŒ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø œÑŒøœÖ <filename class="directory">/var/</filename>. Œ©œÇ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ¨ŒªŒªŒø œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ: <screen>cd ~/ŒïœÄŒπœÜŒ¨ŒΩŒµŒπŒ± ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ±œÇ</screen> Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ œÖœÄŒøŒ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø <filename class="directory">ŒïœÄŒπœÜŒ¨ŒΩŒµŒπŒ± ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ±œÇ</filename> œÄŒøœÖ Œ≤œÅŒØœÉŒ∫ŒµœÑŒ±Œπ ŒºŒ≠œÉŒ± œÉœÑŒøŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒπŒ∫œå œÉŒ±œÇ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø.</para>
  506.       </listitem>
  507.     </itemizedlist>
  508.     </sect2>
  509.  
  510.     <sect2 id="pwd" status="review">
  511.       <title>pwd</title>
  512.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>pwd</command> œÄŒ±œÅŒøœÖœÉŒπŒ¨Œ∂ŒµŒπ œÉŒµ œÄŒøŒπŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø Œ≤œÅŒπœÉŒ∫œåŒºŒ±œÉœÑŒµ (œÑŒø <acronym>pwd</acronym> œÉŒ∑ŒºŒ±ŒØŒΩŒµŒπ <quote>print working directory</quote>). ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒøŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>pwd</screen> œÉœÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø <filename class="directory">ŒïœÄŒπœÜŒ¨ŒΩŒµŒπŒ± ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ±œÇ</filename>, Œ∏Œ± œÄŒ±œÅŒøœÖœÉŒπŒ¨œÉŒµŒπ <computeroutput>/home/œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ±_œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑/ŒïœÄŒπœÜŒ¨ŒΩŒµŒπŒ± ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ±œÇ</computeroutput>.</para>
  513.     </sect2>
  514.     
  515.     <sect2 id="ls" status="review">
  516.       <title>ls</title>
  517.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>ls</command> ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØŒ∂ŒµŒπ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒªŒØœÉœÑŒ± Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒ± œÑŒøœÖ œÑœÅŒ≠œáŒøŒΩœÑŒøœÇ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥ŒøœÖ. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªŒøŒ≥œéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ <screen>ls ~</screen> Œ∏Œ± œÉŒ±œÇ ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØœÉŒµŒπ œÑŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒ± œÑŒ± ŒøœÄŒøŒØŒ± Œ≤œÅŒØœÉŒ∫ŒøŒΩœÑŒ±Œπ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒπŒ∫œå œÉŒ±œÇ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø.</para>
  518.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>ls</command> œåœÑŒ±ŒΩ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØœÑŒ±Œπ ŒºŒµ œÑŒπœÇ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ <command>-l</command> ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØŒ∂ŒµŒπ Œ¥ŒπŒ¨œÜŒøœÅŒµœÇ Œ¨ŒªŒªŒµœÇ œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒµœÇ œÉŒµ œÄŒ±œÅŒ±Œ≤ŒøŒªŒÆ ŒºŒµ œÑŒø œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ± œÑŒøœÖ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒøœÖ, œåœÄœâœÇ, Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± œÑŒ± œÑœÅŒ≠œáŒøŒΩœÑŒ± Œ¥ŒπŒ∫Œ±ŒπœéŒºŒ±œÑŒ± œáœÅŒÆœÉŒ∑œÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒø Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑŒøŒΩ ŒπŒ¥ŒπŒøŒ∫œÑŒÆœÑŒ∑ œÑŒøœÖ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒøœÖ.</para> 
  519.     </sect2>
  520.  
  521.     <sect2 id="cp" status="review">
  522.       <title>cp</title>
  523.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>cp</command> œÜœÑŒπŒ¨œáŒΩŒµŒπ œÑŒø Œ±ŒΩœÑŒØŒ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒø ŒµŒΩœåœÇ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒøœÖ. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ±, œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆœÉœÑŒµ <screen>cp foo bar</screen> Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÜœÑŒπŒ¨ŒæŒµœÑŒµ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ±Œ∫œÅŒπŒ≤Œ≠œÇ Œ±ŒΩœÑŒØŒ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒø œÑŒøœÖ <filename>foo</filename> Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒΩŒ± œÑŒø ŒøŒΩŒøŒºŒ¨œÉœÑŒµ <filename>bar</filename>. Œ§Œø Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø <filename>foo</filename> Œ¥Œµ Œ∏Œ± Œ±ŒªŒªŒ¨ŒæŒµŒπ.</para>
  524.     </sect2>
  525.  
  526.     <sect2 id="mv" status="review">
  527.       <title>mv</title>
  528.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>mv</command> ŒºŒµœÑŒ±Œ∫ŒπŒΩŒµŒØ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø œÉŒµ ŒºŒπŒ± Œ¥ŒπŒ±œÜŒøœÅŒµœÑŒπŒ∫ŒÆ œÑŒøœÄŒøŒ∏ŒµœÉŒØŒ± ŒÆ ŒºŒµœÑŒøŒΩŒøŒºŒ¨Œ∂ŒµŒπ œÑŒø Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø. Œ†Œ±œÅŒ±Œ¥ŒµŒØŒ≥ŒºŒ±: Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>mv foo bar</screen> Œ∏Œ± ŒºŒµœÑŒøŒΩŒøŒºŒ¨œÉŒµŒπ œÑŒø Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø <filename>foo</filename> œÉŒµ <filename>bar</filename>. Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>mv foo ~/ŒïœÄŒπœÜŒ¨ŒΩŒµŒπŒ± ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ±œÇ</screen> Œ∏Œ± ŒºŒµœÑŒ±Œ∫ŒπŒΩŒÆœÉŒµŒπ œÑŒø Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø <filename>foo</filename> œÉœÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥œå <filename class="directory">ŒïœÄŒπœÜŒ¨ŒΩŒµŒπŒ± ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ±œÇ</filename> Œ±ŒªŒªŒ¨ Œ¥Œµ Œ∏Œ± œÑŒø ŒºŒµœÑŒøŒΩŒøŒºŒ¨œÉŒµŒπ.</para>
  529.     </sect2>
  530.  
  531.     <sect2 id="rm" status="review">
  532.       <title>rm</title>
  533.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>rm</command> œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØœÑŒ±Œπ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒÆ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØœâŒΩ. Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>rm foo</screen> Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ≥œÅŒ¨œÜŒµŒπ œÑŒø Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø <filename>foo</filename> Œ±œÄœå œÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø.</para>
  534.       <para>ŒïŒæ' ŒøœÅŒπœÉŒºŒøœç, Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>rm</command> Œ¥ŒµŒΩ ŒºœÄŒøœÅŒµŒØ ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ≥œÅŒ¨œàŒµŒπ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥ŒøœÖœÇ. ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÑŒø Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩŒµœÑŒµ Œ±œÖœÑœå œÄœÅŒ≠œÄŒµŒπ ŒΩŒ± œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆ <command>-R</command>. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ±, Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>rm -R foobar</screen> Œ∏Œ± Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ≥œÅŒ¨œàŒµŒπ œÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø foobar, <emphasis role="strong">Œ∫Œ±Œπ œåŒªŒ± œÑŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒµœáœåŒºŒµŒΩŒ± œÑŒøœÖ!</emphasis></para>
  535.     </sect2>
  536.     
  537.     <sect2 id="mkdir" status="review">
  538.       <title>mkdir</title>
  539.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>mkdir</command> œÉŒ±œÇ Œ¥ŒØŒΩŒµŒπ œÑŒ∑ Œ¥œÖŒΩŒ±œÑœåœÑŒ∑œÑŒ± ŒΩŒ± Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±ŒªœåŒ≥ŒøœÖœÇ. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ±, Œ∑ œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªœåŒ≥Œ∑œÉŒ∑ œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ <screen>mkdir music</screen> Œ∏Œ± Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒÆœÉŒµŒπ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø ŒºŒµ œÑŒø œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ± <filename class="directory">music</filename> œÉœÑŒøŒΩ œÑœÅŒ≠œáŒøŒΩœÑŒ± Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨ŒªŒøŒ≥Œø.</para>
  540.     </sect2>
  541.   </sect1>
  542.   
  543.   <sect1 id="sys-info-commands" status="review">
  544.     <title>ŒïŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ Œ†ŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒπœéŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ Œ£œÖœÉœÑŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ</title>
  545.     
  546.     <sect2 id="df" status="review">
  547.       <title>df</title>
  548.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>df</command> œÄŒ±œÅŒøœÖœÉŒπŒ¨Œ∂ŒµŒπ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œáœÅŒÆœÉŒ∑ œÑŒøœÖ Œ¥ŒØœÉŒ∫ŒøœÖ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œåŒªŒµœÇ œÑŒπœÇ Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ±œÑŒºŒÆœÉŒµŒπœÇ. Œó <screen>df -h</screen> Œ∏Œ± Œ¥œéœÉŒµŒπ œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒµœÇ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ MB (megabytes) Œ∫Œ±Œπ GB (gigabytes) Œ±ŒΩœÑŒØ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒºœÄŒªŒøŒ∫ (Œ∑ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆ <emphasis role="strong">-h</emphasis> œÉŒ∑ŒºŒ±ŒØŒΩŒµŒπ "human-readable"(Œ±ŒΩŒ±Œ≥ŒΩœéœÉŒπŒºŒø Œ±œÄœå Œ±ŒΩŒ∏œÅœéœÄŒøœÖœÇ)).</para>
  549.     </sect2>
  550.  
  551.     <sect2 id="free" status="review">
  552.       <title>free</title>
  553.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>free</command> œÄŒ±œÅŒøœÖœÉŒπŒ¨Œ∂ŒµŒπ œÑŒø œÄŒøœÉŒøœÉœÑœå œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒªŒµœçŒ∏ŒµœÅŒ∑œÇ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑŒ∑œÇ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒøœçŒºŒµŒΩŒ∑œÇ ŒºŒΩŒÆŒºŒ∑œÇ œÑŒøœÖ œÉœÖœÉœÑŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ. Œó <screen>free -m</screen> Œ∏Œ± Œ¥œéœÉŒµŒπ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒ± œÉŒµ MB, œÄŒøœÖ œÄŒπŒ∏Œ±ŒΩœåŒΩ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºœåœÑŒµœÅŒø.</para>
  554.     </sect2>
  555.  
  556.     <sect2 id="top" status="review">
  557.       <title>top</title>
  558.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>top</command> œÄŒ±œÅŒøœÖœÉŒπŒ¨Œ∂ŒµŒπ œÑŒπœÇ Œ¥ŒπŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒµœÇ œÄŒøœÖ ŒµŒ∫œÑŒµŒªŒøœçŒΩœÑŒ±Œπ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œáœÅŒÆœÉŒ∑ œÑœâŒΩ œÄœåœÅœâŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ œÉœÖœÉœÑŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ, œåœÄœâœÇ œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ∫ŒµŒΩœÑœÅŒπŒ∫ŒÆœÇ ŒºŒøŒΩŒ¨Œ¥Œ±œÇ ŒµœÄŒµŒæŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ±œÇ, œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒºŒΩŒÆŒºŒ∑ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒπŒ∫ŒøŒΩŒπŒ∫ŒÆœÇ ŒºŒΩŒÆŒºŒ∑œÇ. ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± ŒµŒæŒ≠ŒªŒ∏ŒµœÑŒµ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <application>top</application> œÄŒ±œÑŒÆœÉœÑŒµ <keycap>q</keycap>.</para>
  559.     </sect2>
  560.  
  561.     <sect2 id="uname" status="review">
  562.       <title>uname</title>
  563.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>uname</command> ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆ <emphasis role="strong">-a</emphasis> ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØŒ∂ŒµŒπ œåŒªŒµœÇ œÑŒπœÇ œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒµœÇ œÑŒøœÖ œÉœÖœÉœÑŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ, œÄŒµœÅŒπŒªŒ±ŒºŒ≤Œ±ŒΩŒøŒºŒ≠ŒΩœâŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ ŒøŒΩœåŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ œÑŒøœÖ ŒºŒ∑œáŒ±ŒΩŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ, œÑŒøœÖ ŒøŒΩœåŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ œÑŒøœÖ œÄœÖœÅŒÆŒΩŒ±, œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≠Œ∫Œ¥ŒøœÉŒ∑ Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒøœÅŒπœÉŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒµœÇ Œ¨ŒªŒªŒµœÇ ŒªŒµœÄœÑŒøŒºŒ≠œÅŒµŒπŒµœÇ. ŒïŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œáœÅŒÆœÉŒπŒºŒ∑ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÄŒøŒπŒ±</para>
  564.     </sect2>
  565.  
  566.     <sect2 id="lsb_release" status="review">
  567.       <title>lsb_release</title>
  568.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>lsb_release</command> ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆ <emphasis role="strong">-a</emphasis> œÑœÖœÄœéŒΩŒµŒπ œÑŒπœÇ œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒµœÇ Œ≠Œ∫Œ¥ŒøœÉŒ∑œÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≠Œ∫Œ¥ŒøœÉŒ∑ Linux œÄŒøœÖ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØœÑŒµ. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ±, ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒøŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ: <screen>lsb_release -a</screen> Œ∏Œ± ŒµœÄŒπœÉœÑœÅŒ±œÜŒµŒØ: <screen>
  569. No LSB modules are available.
  570. Distributor ID: Ubuntu
  571. Description: Ubuntu 9.04
  572. Release: 9.04
  573. Codename: jaunty</screen></para>
  574.     </sect2>
  575.  </sect1>
  576.  
  577.   <sect1 id="elevated-privileges" status="review">
  578.     <title>ŒïŒ∫œÑŒµŒªœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ ŒºŒµ œÖœàŒ∑ŒªœåœÑŒµœÅŒ± Œ¥ŒπŒ∫Œ±ŒπœéŒºŒ±œÑŒ±</title>
  579.     <para>Œ†œÅŒπŒΩ ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒøœÖŒºŒµ œÑŒπœÇ œÄŒ±œÅŒ±Œ∫Œ¨œÑœâ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ Œ∏Œ± œÄœÅŒ≠œÄŒµŒπ œÄœÅœéœÑŒ± ŒΩŒ± Œ≥œÅŒ¨œàŒøœÖŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>sudo</command>. Œ†Œ±œÅŒ±Œ∫Œ±ŒªŒøœçŒºŒµ Œ¥ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒµœÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RootSudo">Sudo</ulink>.</para>
  580.  
  581.     <sect2 id="add-group" status="review">
  582.       <title>Œ†œÅŒøœÉŒ∏Œ≠œÑŒøŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ≠Œ± ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ±</title>
  583.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>addgroup</command> œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØœÑŒ±Œπ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒØŒ± ŒºŒπŒ±œÇ ŒΩŒ≠Œ±œÇ ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ±œÇ œÉœÑŒø œÉœçœÉœÑŒ∑ŒºŒ±. ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ≠Œ± ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ±, œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆœÉœÑŒµ: <screen>addgroup ŒΩŒ≠Œ±_ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ±</screen>. Œó œÄŒ±œÅŒ±œÄŒ¨ŒΩœâ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ Œ∏Œ± Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒÆœÉŒµŒπ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ≠Œ± ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ± ŒºŒµ œÑŒø œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ± <emphasis role="strong">ŒΩŒ≠Œ±_ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ±</emphasis>.</para>
  584.     </sect2>
  585.     
  586.     <sect2 id="add-user" status="review">
  587.       <title>Œ†œÅŒøœÉŒ∏Œ≠œÑŒøŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ ŒàŒΩŒ± ŒùŒ≠Œø ŒßœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑</title>
  588.       <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>adduser</command> œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØœÑŒ±Œπ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒØŒ± ŒΩŒ≠œâŒΩ œáœÅŒ∑œÉœÑœéŒΩ œÉœÑŒø œÉœçœÉœÑŒ∑ŒºŒ±. ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ Œ≠ŒΩŒ±ŒΩ ŒΩŒ≠Œø œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑ œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆœÉœÑŒµ: <screen>adduser ŒΩŒ≠ŒøœÇ_œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑œÇ</screen>. Œó œÄŒ±œÅŒ±œÄŒ¨ŒΩœâ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ Œ∏Œ± Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒÆœÉŒµŒπ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± ŒΩŒ≠Œø œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑ ŒºŒµ œÑŒø œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ± <emphasis role="strong">ŒΩŒ≠ŒøœÇ_œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑œÇ</emphasis>.</para>
  589.       <para>ŒìŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± ŒøœÅŒØœÉŒµœÑŒµ Œ≠ŒΩŒ±ŒΩ Œ∫œâŒ¥ŒπŒ∫œå œÄœÅœåœÉŒ≤Œ±œÉŒ∑œÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ±ŒπŒΩŒøœçœÅŒ≥ŒπŒø œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØœÉœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>passwd</command>: <screen>passwd ŒΩŒ≠ŒøœÇ_œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑œÇ</screen></para>
  590.       <para>Œ§Œ≠ŒªŒøœÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± ŒøœÅŒØœÉŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒø ŒΩŒ≠Œø œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑ œÉœÑŒ∑ ŒΩŒ≠Œ± ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ±, œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆœÉœÑŒµ: <screen>adduser ŒΩŒ≠ŒøœÇ_œáœÅŒÆœÉœÑŒ∑œÇ ŒΩŒ≠Œ±_ŒøŒºŒ¨Œ¥Œ±</screen></para>
  591.     </sect2>
  592.   </sect1>
  593.  
  594.   <sect1 id="options" status="review">
  595.     <title>ŒïœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ</title>
  596.     <para>Œó œÄœÅŒøŒµœÄŒπŒªŒµŒ≥ŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒ∑ œÉœÖŒºœÄŒµœÅŒπœÜŒøœÅŒ¨ ŒºŒπŒ±œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ œÉœÖŒΩŒÆŒ∏œâœÇ œÑœÅŒøœÄŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØœÑŒ±Œπ ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÄœÅŒøœÉŒ∏ŒÆŒ∫Œ∑ ŒºŒπŒ±œÇ <emphasis role="strong">-- <emphasis>ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆœÇ</emphasis></emphasis> œÉ' Œ±œÖœÑŒÆŒΩ. Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <link linkend="ls"><command>ls</command></link> Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± Œ≠œáŒµŒπ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆ <emphasis role="strong">-s</emphasis>, œéœÉœÑŒµ Œ∑ <command>ls -s</command> ŒΩŒ± œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ≠œáŒµŒπ œÑŒ± ŒºŒµŒ≥Œ≠Œ∏Œ∑ œÑœâŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØœâŒΩ œÉœÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒªŒØœÉœÑŒ± œÄŒøœÖ œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ≥ŒµŒπ. Œ•œÄŒ¨œÅœáŒµŒπ Œ±Œ∫œåŒºŒ± Œ∫Œ±Œπ Œ∑ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆ <emphasis role="strong">-h</emphasis> œÄŒøœÖ œÄŒ±œÅŒøœÖœÉŒπŒ¨Œ∂ŒµŒπ œÑŒ± ŒºŒµŒ≥Œ≠Œ∏Œ∑ Œ±œÖœÑŒ¨ œÉŒµ ŒºŒøœÅœÜŒÆ "Œ±ŒΩŒ±Œ≥ŒΩœéœÉŒπŒºŒ∑œÇ Œ±œÄœå Œ±ŒΩŒ∏œÅœéœÄŒøœÖœÇ".</para>
  597.     <para>ŒüŒπ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ ŒºœÄŒøœÅŒøœçŒΩ ŒΩŒ± ŒøŒºŒ±Œ¥ŒøœÄŒøŒπŒ∑Œ∏ŒøœçŒΩ œÉŒµ œÉœÖœÉœÑŒøŒπœáŒØŒµœÇ, Œ≠œÑœÉŒπ Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ  <screen>ls -sh</screen> ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ±Œ∫œÅŒπŒ≤œéœÇ Œ∑ ŒØŒ¥ŒπŒ± ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ <screen>ls -s -h</screen>. ŒüŒπ œÄŒµœÅŒπœÉœÉœåœÑŒµœÅŒµœÇ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ Œ≠œáŒøœÖŒΩ ŒºŒπŒ± Œ≠Œ∫Œ¥ŒøœÉŒ∑ ŒºŒµŒ≥Œ¨ŒªŒøœÖ ŒºŒÆŒ∫ŒøœÖœÇ ŒºŒµ Œ¥œçŒø œÄŒ±œçŒªŒµœÇ Œ±ŒΩœÑŒØ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒºŒπŒ±, Œ≠œÑœÉŒπ œéœÉœÑŒµ Œ∑ <screen>ls --size --human-readable</screen> ŒΩŒ± ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ∑ ŒØŒ¥ŒπŒ± ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÄŒ±œÅŒ±œÄŒ¨ŒΩœâ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ.</para>
  598.   </sect1>
  599.  
  600.   <sect1 id="man-help" status="review">
  601.     <title>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ man Œ∫Œ±Œπ Œ∑ Œ±ŒΩŒµœçœÅŒµœÉŒ∑ Œ≤ŒøŒÆŒ∏ŒµŒπŒ±œÇ</title>
  602.     <para>ŒüŒπ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ <emphasis role="strong"><emphasis>œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ±_ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ</emphasis> --help</emphasis> Œ∫Œ±Œπ Œ∑  <emphasis role="strong">man <emphasis>œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ±_ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ</emphasis></emphasis> ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œÑŒ± Œ¥œçŒø œÄŒπŒø œÉŒ∑ŒºŒ±ŒΩœÑŒπŒ∫Œ¨ ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±ŒªŒµŒØŒ± œÉœÑŒ∑ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ.</para>
  603.     <para>Œ£œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÄœÅŒ±Œ≥ŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫œåœÑŒ∑œÑŒ± œåŒªŒµœÇ ŒøŒπ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ Œ±ŒΩŒ±Œ≥ŒΩœâœÅŒØŒ∂ŒøœÖŒΩ œÑŒπœÇ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ <emphasis role="strong">-h</emphasis> (ŒÆ <emphasis role="strong">--help</emphasis>) ŒøŒπ ŒøœÄŒøŒØŒµœÇ œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ≥ŒøœÖŒΩ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒºŒπŒ∫œÅŒÆ œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ≥œÅŒ±œÜŒÆ œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑœâŒΩ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥œéŒΩ œÑŒ∑œÇ, Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒºŒµœÑŒ¨ ŒµœÄŒπœÉœÑœÅŒ≠œÜŒøœÖŒΩ œÉœÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ. ŒïŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ <screen>man -h</screen> ŒÆ <screen>man --help</screen> Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± œÑŒø Œ¥ŒµŒØœÑŒµ.</para>
  604.     <para>ŒöŒ¨Œ∏Œµ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÉœáŒµŒ¥œåŒΩ Œ∫Œ¨Œ∏Œµ ŒµœÜŒ±œÅŒºŒøŒ≥ŒÆ œÉœÑŒø Linux Œ≠œáŒµŒπ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø ŒµŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒπŒ¥ŒØŒøœÖ œÑœçœÄŒøœÖ man, œéœÉœÑŒµ ŒΩŒ± œÑo Œ≤œÅŒØœÉŒ∫ŒµœÑŒµ ŒµœçŒ∫ŒøŒªŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒøŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ  <command>man œåŒΩŒøŒºŒ±_ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ</command>. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>man mv</screen> Œ∏Œ± ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØœÉŒµŒπ œÑŒø ŒµŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ <command>mv</command>.</para>
  605.     <para>ŒöŒπŒΩŒ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÄŒ¨ŒΩœâ Œ∫Œ±Œπ Œ∫Œ¨œÑœâ œÉœÑŒø Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒø man ŒºŒµ œÑŒ± Œ≤ŒµŒªŒ¨Œ∫ŒπŒ± Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒµŒæŒ≠ŒªŒ∏ŒµœÑŒµ Œ±œÄœå Œ±œÖœÑœå ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÑŒø œÄŒªŒÆŒ∫œÑœÅŒø <keycap>q</keycap>.</para>
  606.     <para>Œó ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>man man</screen> Œ∏Œ± ŒµŒºœÜŒ±ŒΩŒØœÉŒµŒπ œÑŒø ŒµŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>man</command>, œÑŒø ŒøœÄŒøŒØŒø ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ∫Œ±Œªœå ŒºŒ≠œÅŒøœÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± ŒæŒµŒ∫ŒπŒΩŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ.</para>
  607.     <para>ŒïœÄŒØœÉŒ∑œÇ Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <screen>man intro</screen> ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œÄŒøŒªœç œáœÅŒÆœÉŒπŒºŒ∑, ŒºŒπŒ± Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÄŒ±œÅŒøœÖœÉŒπŒ¨œÉŒµŒπ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ±Œ≥œâŒ≥ŒÆ œÉœÑŒπœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ Linux.</para>
  608.     <para>Œ•œÄŒ¨œÅœáŒøœÖŒΩ Œ±Œ∫œåŒºŒ± Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒøŒπ œÉŒµŒªŒØŒ¥ŒµœÇ œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ <command>info</command>, ŒøŒπ ŒøœÄŒøŒØŒµœÇ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œÄŒπŒø Œ±ŒΩŒ±ŒªœÖœÑŒπŒ∫Œ≠œÇ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒπœÇ Œ±ŒΩœÑŒØœÉœÑŒøŒπœáŒµœÇ œÉœÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ <command>man</command>. ŒîŒøŒ∫ŒπŒºŒ¨œÉœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ <screen>info info</screen> Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒºŒπŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ±Œ≥œâŒ≥ŒÆ œÉœÑŒπœÇ œÉŒµŒªŒØŒ¥ŒµœÇ Œ±œÖœÑŒøœç œÑŒøœÖ œÑœçœÄŒøœÖ.</para>
  609.  
  610.     <sect2 id="searching-ma" status="review">
  611.       <title>ŒëŒΩŒ±Œ∂Œ∑œÑœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒ± Œ≤ŒøŒÆŒ∏ŒµŒπŒ±œÇ man</title>
  612.       <para>ŒïŒ¨ŒΩ Œ¥ŒµŒΩ ŒµŒØœÉœÑŒµ Œ≤Œ≠Œ≤Œ±ŒπŒøœÇ œÄŒøŒπŒ± ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ ŒÆ ŒµœÜŒ±œÅŒºŒøŒ≥ŒÆ œáœÅŒµŒπŒ¨Œ∂ŒµœÉœÑŒµ, ŒºœÄŒøœÅŒµŒØœÑŒµ ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒøŒ∫ŒπŒºŒ¨œÉŒµœÑŒµ ŒΩŒ± œàŒ¨ŒæŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒ± man Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒ± Œ≤ŒøŒÆŒ∏ŒµŒπŒ±œÇ.</para>
  613.       <itemizedlist>
  614.         <listitem>
  615.           <para>Œó <command>man -k foo</command>, Œ∏Œ± œàŒ¨ŒæŒµŒπ œÑŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒ± Œ≤ŒøŒÆŒ∏ŒµŒπŒ±œÇ man Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒªŒ≠ŒæŒ∑ <emphasis>foo</emphasis>. ŒïŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ <screen>man -k nautilus</screen> Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÄœâœÇ ŒªŒµŒπœÑŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒµŒØ. <note>
  616.           <para>ŒëœÖœÑœå ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œÑŒø ŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>apropos</command>.</para>
  617.         </note></para>
  618.     </listitem>
  619.     <listitem>
  620.       <para>Œó <command>man -f foo</command>, œàŒ¨œáŒΩŒµŒπ ŒºœåŒΩŒø œÑŒøœÖœÇ œÑŒØœÑŒªŒøœÖœÇ œÑœâŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØœâŒΩ man œÑŒøœÖ œÉœÖœÉœÑŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ. ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ¨Œ¥ŒµŒπŒ≥ŒºŒ± ŒµŒπœÉŒ¨Œ≥ŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ <screen>man -f gnome</screen><note>
  621.           <para>ŒëœÖœÑœå ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ œÑŒø ŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ <command>whatis</command>.</para>
  622.         </note></para>
  623.     </listitem>
  624.       </itemizedlist>
  625.     </sect2>
  626.   </sect1>
  627.  
  628. <sect1 id="cut-paste" status="review">
  629.     <title>ŒëœÄŒøŒ∫ŒøœÄŒÆ Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒµœÄŒπŒ∫œåŒªŒªŒ∑œÉŒ∑</title>
  630.     <para>Œ£œÖœáŒΩŒ¨, Œ∏Œ± œÄŒ±œÅŒ±œÄŒµŒºœÜŒ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉŒµ ŒøŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥ŒØŒµœÇ œÄŒøœÖ Œ±œÄŒ±ŒπœÑŒøœçŒΩ ŒΩŒ± ŒµœÄŒπŒ∫ŒøŒªŒªŒ∑Œ∏ŒøœçŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ œÉœÑŒø œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫œå.</para>
  631.     <para>ŒäœÉœâœÇ ŒΩŒ± Œ±ŒΩŒ±œÅœâœÑŒπŒ≠œÉœÑŒµ Œ≥ŒπŒ±œÑŒØ œÑŒø Œ∫ŒµŒØŒºŒµŒΩŒø œÄŒøœÖ Œ±ŒΩœÑŒπŒ≥œÅŒ¨œàŒ±œÑŒµ Œ±œÄœå ŒºŒπŒ± ŒπœÉœÑŒøœÉŒµŒªŒØŒ¥Œ± œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ œÑŒø <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>C</keycap></keycombo> Œ¥ŒµŒΩ ŒµœÄŒπŒ∫ŒøŒªŒªŒ¨œÑŒ±Œπ ŒºŒµ œÑŒø <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>V</keycap></keycombo>. Œ§Œø Œ∫Œ≠ŒªœÖœÜŒøœÇ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµŒØ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ¥ŒπŒ±œÜŒøœÅŒµœÑŒπŒ∫œå œÉœÖŒΩŒ¥œÖŒ±œÉŒºœå œÄŒªŒÆŒ∫œÑœÅœâŒΩ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒµœÄŒπŒ∫œåŒªŒªŒ∑œÉŒ∑: <keycombo><keycap>Shift</keycap><keycap>Insert</keycap></keycombo>. ŒëœÖœÑœå ŒºœÄŒøœÅŒµŒØ ŒµœÄŒØœÉŒ∑œÇ ŒΩŒ± Œ≥ŒØŒΩŒµŒπ œáœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ œÑŒø œÄŒøŒΩœÑŒØŒ∫Œπ, Œ∫Œ¨ŒΩŒøŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ Œ¥ŒµŒæŒØ Œ∫ŒªŒπŒ∫ œÉœÑŒø œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫œå Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÄŒ±œÑœéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ  <menuchoice><guimenuitem>ŒïœÄŒπŒ∫œåŒªŒªŒ∑œÉŒ∑</guimenuitem></menuchoice> Œ±œÄœå œÑŒø ŒºŒµŒΩŒøœç.</para>
  632.     <para>ŒúœÄŒøœÅŒµŒØœÑŒµ ŒµœÄŒØœÉŒ∑œÇ ŒΩŒ± ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒ≠ŒæŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒπœÇ ŒµœÄŒπŒ∏œÖŒºŒ∑œÑŒ≠œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ œÉœÑŒøŒΩ œÄŒµœÅŒπŒ∑Œ≥Œ∑œÑŒÆ Œ¥ŒπŒ∫œÑœçŒøœÖ œÉŒ±œÇ Œ∫Œ±Œπ ŒºŒµœÑŒ¨ ŒΩŒ± œÄŒ±œÑŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒø ŒºŒµœÉŒ±ŒØŒø Œ∫ŒøœÖŒºœÄŒØ œÉœÑŒø œÄŒøŒΩœÑŒØŒ∫Œπ (ŒÆ Œ±œÄŒªŒ¨ ŒΩŒ± œÄŒ±œÑŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒ± Œ¥œçŒø Œ∫ŒøœÖŒºœÄŒπŒ¨ œÑŒ±œÖœÑœåœáœÅŒøŒΩŒ± œÉŒµ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± œÄŒøŒΩœÑŒØŒ∫Œπ ŒºŒµ ŒºœåŒΩŒø Œ¥œçŒø Œ∫ŒøœÖŒºœÄŒπŒ¨) œÉœÑŒø œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫œå Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± ŒµœÄŒπŒ∫ŒøŒªŒªŒÆœÉŒµœÑŒµ œÑŒπœÇ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒµŒ≥ŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒµœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ.</para>
  633.     <note><para>ŒüŒπ ŒµŒΩŒ≠œÅŒ≥ŒµŒπŒµœÇ Œ±œÖœÑŒ≠œÇ ŒºœÄŒøœÅŒµŒØ ŒΩŒ± œÉŒ∑ŒºŒ±ŒØŒΩŒøœÖŒΩ Œ∫Œ¨œÑŒπ ŒµŒΩœÑŒµŒªœéœÇ Œ¥ŒπŒ±œÜŒøœÅŒµœÑŒπŒ∫œå œÉŒµ Œ¨ŒªŒªŒ± œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫Œ¨. Œ£œÖŒºŒ≤ŒøœÖŒªŒµœÖœÑŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ œÑŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ∑œÅŒØœâœÉŒ∑ œÑŒøœÖ œÑŒµœÅŒºŒ±œÑŒπŒ∫Œøœç œÉŒ±œÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒªŒµœÄœÑŒøŒºŒ≠œÅŒµŒπŒµœÇ.</para></note>
  634. </sect1>
  635.   
  636.   <sect1 id="other-things" status="review">
  637.     <title>ŒÜŒªŒªŒµœÇ ŒßœÅŒÆœÉŒπŒºŒµœÇ Œ£œÖŒºŒ≤ŒøœÖŒªŒ≠œÇ</title>
  638.     <sect2 id="save-typing" status="review">
  639.       <title>Œ£œÖŒΩœÑŒøŒºŒµœçœÉŒµŒπœÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒªŒπŒ≥œåœÑŒµœÅŒ∑ œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªœåŒ≥Œ∑œÉŒ∑</title>
  640.       <informaltable>
  641.         <tgroup cols="3">
  642.           <colspec colname="col_0"/>
  643.           <colspec colname="col_1"/>
  644.           <colspec colname="col_2"/>
  645.           <tbody>
  646.             <row>
  647.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  648.                 <para>Œ§Œø <keycap>Œ†Œ¨ŒΩœâ Œ≤ŒµŒªŒ¨Œ∫Œπ</keycap> ŒÆ Œø œÉœÖŒΩŒ¥œÖŒ±œÉŒºœåœÇ œÄŒªŒÆŒ∫œÑœÅœâŒΩ  <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>p</keycap></keycombo></para>
  649.               </entry>
  650.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  651.                 <para>Œ†œÅŒøŒ≤Œ¨ŒªŒªŒµŒπ ŒºŒπŒ± œÄœÅŒøœÇ ŒºŒπŒ± œÑŒπœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ œÄŒøœÖ Œ≠œáŒµœÑŒµ Œ¥œéœÉŒµŒπ ŒºŒ≠œáœÅŒπ œÑœéœÅŒ±.</para>
  652.               </entry>
  653.             </row>
  654.             <row>
  655.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  656.                 <para>Œ§Œø <keycap>ŒöŒ¨œÑœâ Œ≤ŒµŒªŒ¨Œ∫Œπ</keycap> ŒÆ Œø œÉœÖŒΩŒ¥œÖŒ±œÉŒºœåœÇ œÄŒªŒÆŒ∫œÑœÅœâŒΩ  <keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>n</keycap></keycombo></para>
  657.               </entry>
  658.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  659.                 <para>Œ£Œ±œÇ œÄŒ¨ŒµŒπ œÄŒØœÉœâ œÉŒµ œÄŒπŒø œÄœÅœåœÉœÜŒ±œÑŒ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ.</para>
  660.               </entry>
  661.             </row>
  662.             <row>
  663.               <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  664.                 <para>
  665.                   <keycap>To Enter</keycap>
  666.                 </para>
  667.               </entry>
  668.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  669.                 <para>ŒåœÑŒ±ŒΩ Œ≠œáŒµœÑŒµ Œ≤œÅŒµŒπ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ œÄŒøœÖ ŒµœÄŒπŒ∏œÖŒºŒµŒØœÑŒµ.</para>
  670.               </entry>
  671.             </row>
  672.             <row>
  673.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  674.                 <para>
  675.                   <keycap>Œ§Œø Tab</keycap>
  676.                 </para>
  677.               </entry>
  678.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  679.                 <para>ŒàŒΩŒ± œÄŒøŒªœç œáœÅŒÆœÉŒπŒºŒø œáŒ±œÅŒ±Œ∫œÑŒ∑œÅŒπœÉœÑŒπŒ∫œå. Œ£œÖŒºœÄŒªŒ∑œÅœéŒΩŒµŒπ Œ±œÖœÑœåŒºŒ±œÑŒ± ŒøœÄŒøŒπŒµœÉŒ¥ŒÆœÄŒøœÑŒµ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒ≠œÇ ŒÆ ŒøŒΩœåŒºŒ±œÑŒ± Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØœâŒΩ, Œ±ŒΩ œÖœÄŒ¨œÅœáŒµŒπ ŒºœåŒΩŒø ŒºŒπŒ± ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥ŒÆ, Œ¥ŒπŒ±œÜŒøœÅŒµœÑŒπŒ∫Œ¨ œÉŒ±œÇ œÄœÅŒøŒ≤Œ¨ŒªŒªŒµŒπ ŒºŒπŒ± ŒªŒØœÉœÑŒ± ŒºŒµ ŒµœÄŒπŒªŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ.</para>
  680.               </entry>
  681.             </row>
  682.           </tbody>
  683.         </tgroup>
  684.       </informaltable>
  685.     </sect2>
  686.  
  687.     <sect2 id="change-text" status="review">
  688.       <title>ŒëŒªŒªŒ±Œ≥ŒÆ œÑŒøœÖ Œ∫ŒµŒπŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒøœÖ</title>
  689.       <para>Œ§Œø œÄŒøŒΩœÑŒØŒ∫Œπ Œ¥Œµ Œ¥ŒøœÖŒªŒµœçŒµŒπ œâœÇ ŒºŒ≠œÉŒø ŒµŒπœÉŒ±Œ≥œâŒ≥ŒÆœÇ. ŒßœÅŒ∑œÉŒπŒºŒøœÄŒøŒπŒÆœÉœÑŒµ œÑŒ± <keycap>ŒëœÅŒπœÉœÑŒµœÅœå/ŒîŒµŒæŒØ Œ≤ŒµŒªŒ¨Œ∫Œπ</keycap> Œ≥ŒπŒ± ŒΩŒ± Œ∫ŒπŒΩŒ∑Œ∏ŒµŒØœÑŒµ ŒºŒ≠œÉŒ± œÉœÑŒ∑ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ.</para>
  690.       <para>ŒåœÑŒ±ŒΩ Œø Œ∫Œ≠œÅœÉŒøœÅŒ±œÇ Œ≤œÅŒØœÉŒ∫ŒµœÑŒ±Œπ œÉœÑŒø œÉŒ∑ŒºŒµŒØŒø œÄŒøœÖ ŒµœÄŒπŒ∏œÖŒºŒµŒØœÑŒµ œÉœÑŒ∑ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ, œÄŒªŒ∑Œ∫œÑœÅŒøŒªŒøŒ≥œéŒΩœÑŒ±œÇ Œ∫ŒµŒØŒºŒµŒΩŒø, Œ¥ŒµŒΩ Œ±ŒΩœÑŒπŒ∫Œ±Œ∏ŒπœÉœÑŒ¨ œÑŒø ŒÆŒ¥Œ∑ œÖœÄŒ¨œÅœáŒøŒΩ.</para>
  691.       <informaltable>
  692.         <tgroup cols="3">
  693.           <colspec colname="col_0"/>
  694.           <colspec colname="col_1"/>
  695.           <colspec colname="col_2"/>
  696.           <tbody>
  697.             <row>
  698.               <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  699.                 <para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>a</keycap></keycombo> ŒÆ <keycap>Home</keycap></para>
  700.               </entry>
  701.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  702.                 <para>ŒúŒµœÑŒ±Œ∫ŒπŒΩŒµŒØ œÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ≠œÅœÉŒøœÅŒ± œÉœÑŒ∑ŒΩ <emphasis>Œ±œÅœáŒÆ</emphasis> ŒºŒπŒ±œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ.</para>
  703.               </entry>
  704.             </row>
  705.             <row>
  706.               <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  707.                 <para><keycombo><keycap>Ctrl</keycap><keycap>e</keycap></keycombo> ŒÆ <keycap>End</keycap></para>
  708.               </entry>
  709.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  710.                 <para>ŒúŒµœÑŒ±Œ∫ŒπŒΩŒµŒØ œÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ≠œÅœÉŒøœÅŒ± œÉœÑŒø <emphasis>œÑŒ≠ŒªŒøœÇ</emphasis> ŒºŒπŒ±œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ.</para>
  711.               </entry>
  712.             </row>
  713.             <row>
  714.               <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  715.                 <para>
  716.           <keycombo>
  717.             <keycap>Œ§Œø Ctrl</keycap>
  718.             <keycap>k</keycap>
  719.           </keycombo>
  720.                 </para>
  721.               </entry>
  722.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  723.                 <para>ŒîŒπŒ±Œ≥œÅŒ¨œÜŒµŒπ œÑŒ± œÄŒ¨ŒΩœÑŒ± Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ∏Œ≠œÉŒ∑ œÑŒøœÖ Œ∫Œ≠œÅœÉŒøœÅŒ± ŒºŒ≠œáœÅŒπ œÑŒø œÑŒ≠ŒªŒøœÇ œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ.</para>
  724.               </entry>
  725.             </row>
  726.             <row>
  727.               <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  728.                 <para>
  729.           <keycombo>
  730.             <keycap>Œ§Œø Ctrl</keycap>
  731.             <keycap>u</keycap>
  732.           </keycombo>
  733.                 </para>
  734.               </entry>
  735.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  736.                 <para>ŒîŒπŒ±Œ≥œÅŒ¨œÜŒµŒπ œÑŒ± œÄŒ¨ŒΩœÑŒ± Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ∏Œ≠œÉŒ∑ œÑŒøœÖ Œ∫Œ≠œÅœÉŒøœÅŒ± ŒºŒ≠œáœÅŒπ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ±œÅœáŒÆ œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ.</para>
  737.               </entry>
  738.             </row>
  739.             <row>
  740.               <entry colsep="1" rowsep="1">
  741.                 <para>
  742.           <keycombo>
  743.             <keycap>Œ§Œø Ctrl</keycap>
  744.             <keycap>w</keycap>
  745.           </keycombo>
  746.                 </para>
  747.               </entry>
  748.               <entry align="left" colsep="1" namest="col_1" rowsep="1" nameend="col_2">
  749.                 <para>ŒîŒπŒ±Œ≥œÅŒ¨œÜŒµŒπ œÑŒ∑ ŒªŒ≠ŒæŒ∑ œÄœÅŒπŒΩ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒøŒΩ Œ∫Œ≠œÅœÉŒøœÅŒ±.</para>
  750.               </entry>
  751.             </row>
  752.           </tbody>
  753.         </tgroup>
  754.       </informaltable>
  755.     </sect2>
  756.   </sect1>
  757.   
  758.   <sect1 id="more-info" status="review">
  759.     <title>Œ†ŒµœÅŒπœÉœÉœåœÑŒµœÅŒµœÇ œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒµœÇ</title>
  760.     <para>ŒüŒπ œÄŒ±œÅŒ±Œ∫Œ¨œÑœâ ŒøŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥ŒøŒØ ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ∏Œ≠œÉŒπŒºŒøŒπ œÉœÑŒø Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ¥ŒØŒ∫œÑœÖŒø:</para>
  761.     <itemizedlist>
  762.       <listitem>
  763.         <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AptGetHowto"> ŒïŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø œÑŒøœÖ AptGet</ulink> - œáœÅŒÆœÉŒ∑ œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆœÇ apt-get Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ŒΩ ŒµŒ≥Œ∫Œ±œÑŒ¨œÉœÑŒ±œÉŒ∑ œÄŒ±Œ∫Œ≠œÑœâŒΩ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ.</para>
  764.       </listitem>
  765.       <listitem>
  766.         <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/CommandLine"> ŒïœÄŒµŒæŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±œÉŒØŒ± Œ±œÄŒøŒ∏ŒµœÑŒ∑œÅŒØœâŒΩ ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ</ulink> - œÄœÅŒøœÉŒ∏ŒÆŒ∫Œ∑ œÑœâŒΩ Œ±œÄŒøŒ∏ŒµœÑŒ∑œÅŒØœâŒΩ œÑŒ∑œÇ ŒöŒøŒπŒΩœåœÑŒ∑œÑŒ±œÇ (universe) Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÑœâŒΩ Œ§œÅŒØœÑœâŒΩ (multiverse) ŒºŒµ œÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ.</para>
  767.       </listitem>
  768.       <listitem>
  769.         <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/grep">ŒïŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø œÑŒ∑œÇ grep</ulink> - Œ∑ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªŒÆ grep ŒµŒØŒΩŒ±Œπ Œ≠ŒΩŒ± œÄŒ±ŒΩŒØœÉœáœÖœÅŒø ŒµœÅŒ≥Œ±ŒªŒµŒØŒø Œ±ŒΩŒ±Œ∂ŒÆœÑŒ∑œÉŒ∑œÇ œÉœÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ.</para>
  770.       </listitem>
  771.       <listitem>
  772.         <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/find">ŒïŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø œÑŒ∑œÇ find </ulink> - ŒµŒΩœÑŒøœÄŒØŒ∂ŒµŒπ Œ±œÅœáŒµŒØŒ± ŒºŒ≠œÉœâ œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ.</para>
  773.       </listitem>
  774.       <listitem>
  775.         <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/CommandlineHowto"> ŒïŒ≥œáŒµŒπœÅŒØŒ¥ŒπŒø œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ</ulink> - ŒºŒµŒ≥Œ±ŒªœçœÑŒµœÅŒøœÇ Œ∫Œ±Œπ œÄŒπŒø ŒøŒªŒøŒ∫ŒªŒ∑œÅœâŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒøœÇ ŒøŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥œåœÇ, Œ±ŒªŒªŒ¨ Œ±Œ∫œåŒºŒ± Œ∑ŒºŒπœÑŒµŒªŒÆœÇ.</para>
  776.       </listitem>
  777.       <listitem>
  778.         <para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/HowToReadline"> Œ†œÅŒøœáœâœÅŒ∑ŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒ± Œ∏Œ≠ŒºŒ±œÑŒ±</ulink> - œÄŒªŒ∑œÅŒøœÜŒøœÅŒØŒµœÇ Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÄœÅŒøœáœâœÅŒ∑ŒºŒ≠ŒΩŒµœÇ œÄœÅŒøœÉŒ±œÅŒºŒøŒ≥Œ≠œÇ œÉœÑŒ∑ŒΩ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ.</para>
  779.       </listitem>
  780.     </itemizedlist>
  781.     <para>ŒìŒπŒ± œÄŒπŒø ŒªŒµœÄœÑŒøŒºŒµœÅŒÆ Œ≤ŒøŒ∑Œ∏ŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒ± œÑŒ∑œÇ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆœÇ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ œÑŒøœÖ Linux, œÄŒ±œÅŒ±Œ∫Œ±ŒªŒøœçŒºŒµ Œ¥ŒµŒØœÑŒµ:</para>
  782.     <itemizedlist>
  783.       <listitem>
  784.         <para><ulink url="http://linuxcommand.org/"/>- ŒíŒ±œÉŒπŒ∫ŒøŒØ ŒøŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥ŒøŒØ ŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ¨Œ∏Œ∑œÉŒ∑œÇ œÑŒøœÖ BASH, Œ∫Œ±Œπ Œ¥Œ∑ŒºŒπŒøœÖœÅŒ≥ŒØŒ±œÇ œÉŒµŒΩŒ±œÅŒØœâŒΩ (scripts).</para>
  785.       </listitem>
  786.       <listitem>
  787.         <para><ulink url="http://linuxsurvival.com/index.php"/>- ŒüŒ¥Œ∑Œ≥ŒøŒØ ŒµŒ∫ŒºŒ¨Œ∏Œ∑œÉŒ∑œÇ œÉŒµ Java.</para>
  788.       </listitem>
  789.       <listitem>
  790.         <para><ulink url="http://rute.2038bug.com/index.html.gz"/>- Œ≠ŒΩŒ± œÑŒµœÅŒ¨œÉœÑŒπŒø Œ¥ŒπŒ±Œ¥ŒπŒ∫œÑœÖŒ±Œ∫œå Œ≤ŒπŒ≤ŒªŒØŒø Œ≥ŒπŒ± œÑŒ∑ Œ¥ŒπŒ±œáŒµŒØœÅŒπœÉŒ∑ œÑŒøœÖ œÉœÖœÉœÑŒÆŒºŒ±œÑŒøœÇ, œÉœáŒµŒ¥œåŒΩ ŒµŒæŒøŒªŒøŒ∫ŒªŒÆœÅŒøœÖ Œ±œÄœå œÑŒ∑ Œ≥œÅŒ±ŒºŒºŒÆ ŒµŒΩœÑŒøŒªœéŒΩ.</para>
  791.       </listitem>
  792.     </itemizedlist>
  793.   </sect1>
  794. </article>
  795.